// Tariffs
Network Tariffs & Electricity Pricing in Nordic/Baltic Markets
How wholesale spot pricing, DSO network tariffs, and country-specific levies interact — and what this means for solar + storage economics.
// Bill structure
Four components. Wholesale dominates.
Wholesale Energy (Nord Pool spot)
Most C&I customers in the Baltics and Finland are on spot pass-through contracts. The retail price tracks the Elspot day-ahead price in real time, plus a supplier margin.
Network Tariff (DSO)
Country- and DSO-specific. Includes fixed monthly charges, capacity-based components (€/kW), and energy components (c/kWh). Regulated by national energy regulators.
Taxes & Levies
Country-specific excise duties, renewable support levies (OIK, VIAP), and strategic reserve fees. Applied on top of wholesale and network components.
VAT
Applied on the full invoice amount. 22% in Estonia, 21% in Latvia and Lithuania, 25.5% in Finland.
Solar reduces wholesale consumption. Battery storage arbitrages the wholesale component and can reduce DSO capacity charges through peak shaving.
// Country summaries
Tariff structure by country.
Estonia
ElektrileviVAT 22%- ▸Network tiers by voltage level and capacity demand
- ▸Renewable energy charge (taastuvenergia tasu)
- ▸Excise duty (aktsiis) on consumed kWh
- ▸Most C&I on hourly spot pass-through via open suppliers
Latvia
Sadales tīklsVAT 21%- ▸Capacity-based distribution tariff (€/kW/month)
- ▸OIK — mandatory procurement component for renewables support
- ▸System services fee and balancing charge
- ▸Net billing: self-consumed kWh valued at full retail price
Lithuania
ESOVAT 21%- ▸Distribution and transmission charges separate
- ▸VIAP — public interest services levy (renewables + CHP support)
- ▸System balancing charge and transmission levy
- ▸Prosumer scheme: self-consumed energy avoids full bill
Finland
Caruna / Helen / othersVAT 25.5%- ▸Transfer fee (siirtomaksu) — fixed + energy components
- ▸Electricity tax (sähköverotus) — highest in the Baltics/Nordics
- ▸Strategic electricity reserve fee (huoltovarmuusmaksu)
- ▸Solar export valued at spot price; no feed-in tariff
// Key difference from fixed-price markets
Spot pass-through changes everything.
Unlike Italy where many C&I customers are on fixed F1/F2/F3 tariffs, most Nordic/Baltic C&I customers are on wholesale spot pass-through contracts. This means self-consumption value and battery arbitrage economics change hour by hour with the market.
When the Elspot price is high (cold winter mornings, wind lulls), self-consumed solar is worth more. When it's low (sunny midday, high wind), the battery should be charging. EnTrans Nordic optimises dispatch against actual hourly Elspot prices from the Elering API — not synthetic averages.
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